Computer Specialists

Our specialists can service, support, maintain and upgrade your computer equipment and networks. We can help with small projects like installing Anti-virus software, installing new programs, or setting up a secure wireless internet connection or help with large projects like building an office network. We can even come to your home or office, so you don't miss a beat

Search engine

A Search engine is a web side on the www of the Internet that helps us to quickly and easily find the web pages we want.
When you type words into the search engine, it looks for web pages with the words that you typed. There could be thousands, or even millions, of web pages with the words you typed! So, the search engine helps you by putting the web pages it thinks you want first.
Search engines are very useful if you want to find almost anything quickly and easily.
Some examples of search engines are:
Google (has the largest number of users in the United States)
Yahoo!
Forestle (helps the environment)
Ask.com
Bing
Some examples of business search engines are:
Masterseek
BusinessGlobe
Some examples of multi-search engines are:
Dogpile
CooBi.netne.net

Tertiay storage

Large tape library. Tape cartridges placed on shelves in the front, robotic arm moving in the back. Visible height of the library is about 180 cm.
Tertiary storage or tertiary memory,[3] provides a third level of storage. Typically it involves a robotic mechanism which will mount (insert) and dismount removable mass storage media into a storage device according to the system's demands; this data is often copied to secondary storage before use. It is primarily used for archival of rarely accessed information since it is much slower than secondary storage (e.g. 5–60 seconds vs. 1-10 milliseconds). This is primarily useful for extraordinarily large data stores, accessed without human operators. Typical examples include tape libraries and optical jukeboxes.
When a computer needs to read information from the tertiary storage, it will first consult a catalog database to determine which tape or disc contains the information. Next, the computer will instruct a robotic arm to fetch the medium and place it in a drive. When the computer has finished reading the information, the robotic arm will return the medium to its place in the library

How to Navigate This Site The title on the tab above lets you know you are in the Introduction to Computers section. To the left are the links for the lessons available in this section. Click on a tab above and you will jump to that section. Similarly, use the links to the left to proceed through the lessons and activities for this section. It is recommended, though not required, that you go through the lessons in sequence. What you learn in one lesson prepares you for what you will discover in the next one. Other choices will pop up from time to time. For example, a question mark alerts you to an interesting question to think about. Never be afraid to click on something. If you are unhappy with where it takes you, simply click your browser's BACK button

Central processing unit and software compatibility

The computer processor inside a PC or PC-clone computer has totally different architecture (microscopic "wiring" schematic) inside the central processing unit chip (the CPU, or "chip"). In other words, the specific way the circuits are laid out in a computer chip (CPU, central processing unit) is called the chip architecture. PC chips and Mac chips have processing units with totally different architecture. Software is not interchangeable. Buy Mac software for the Macintosh and buy PC software for PC computers. An Apple or Mac computer is not a PC. Most PC Computers are sold new with a Windows operating system but keep in mind that other operating systems can also run on PC-architecture machines. One example of another operating system that can run on a PC machine is Linux for Windows. When two operating systems are on a disk they are installed on separate "partitions" of the disk. That is similar to two songs on one CD having to be on separate "tracks".

Buying a computer

It is best to ask and to compare features before you buy a computer. The first question to ask yourself is, "What do I want a computer to do?" Do you need it only for e-mail and a little light letter writing or do you need it for graphics and Web page authoring? Will you also want extra storage for your music files or graphics files? Do you need any hardware for game playing? What type of Internet connection will you have: dialup, cable, DSL, or other broadband connection? Will you be needing a computer for school work? Accounting? Make a list of what you need the computer to do before you talk to anyone about purchasing a computer. Your needs will be different that those of the next person. Visit Computer Company Web sites.

A basic computer system

A computer system refers to the computer AND all of its equipment. Equipment like speakers, printer, keyboard, scanner, etc. is called peripheral equipment, sometimes shortened to "peripherals". The central processing unit (CPU) is considered to be "the computer". Without peripheral equipment (such as monitor, printer, speakers, etc.) for input and output the microcomputer (home computer) will not be able to do anything you find useful. Your computer system cannot help you type a letter unless you have some type of software (program) to do this. Most typing is handled by a "word processing" program. A software program for your computer can be purchased at stores like Office Depot, Staples, and computer stores. Check your local telephone directory for a computer store in your area. Sometimes when you purchase a computer it already has a word processing program installed. If you buy a computer from a large electronics chain store, even if you have to travel out of town, you will get a better price as a rule than buying from a smaller chain store in town. Ask in town first, if they would be willing to match another store's Advertised price... See "Buying A Computer", next.

Storage
Storage refers to holding information somewhere. RAM, Random Access Memory, is short-term memory. It is volatile memory because the memory is automatically "erased" when the power is turned off or interrupted. The RAM memory is located inside the computer case on the motherboard. A motherboard is not the keyboard. The keyboard is what you type with. A motherboard holds RAM memory, electronic circuits and other computer parts including the central processing unit. ROM, Read-Only-Memory, is not volatile meaning the memory is still there when power is interrupted or turned off. When the computer is turned back on again, ROM memory is still in storage on the internal hard disk.

Central Processing Unit - Though the term relates to a specific chip or the processor a CPU's performance is determined by the rest of the computer's circuitry and chips.
Currently the Pentium chip or processor, made by Intel, is the most common CPU though there are many other companies that produce processors for personal computers. Examples are the CPU made by Motorola and AMD.
With faster processors the clock speed becomes more important. Compared to some of the first computers which operated at below 30 megahertz (MHz) the Pentium chips began at 75 MHz in the late 1990's. Speeds now exceed 3000+ MHz or 3 gigahertz (GHz) and different chip manufacturers use different measuring standards (check your local computer store for the latest speed). It depends on the circuit board that the chip is housed in, or the motherboard, as to whether you are able to upgrade to a faster chip. The motherboard contains the circuitry and connections that allow the various component to communicate with each other.
Though there were many computers using many different processors previous to this I call the 80286 processor the advent of home computers as these were the processors that made computers available for the average person. Using a processor before the 286 involved learning a proprietary system and software. Most new software are being developed for the newest and fastest processors so it can be difficult to use an older computer system.

Mouse - Most modern computers today are run using a mouse controlled pointer. Generally if the mouse has two buttons the left one is used to select objects and text and the right one is used to access menus. If the mouse has one button (Mac for instance) it controls all the activity and a mouse with a third button can be used by specific software programs.
One type of mouse has a round ball under the bottom of the mouse that rolls and turns two wheels which control the direction of the pointer on the screen. Another type of mouse uses an optical system to track the movement of the mouse. Laptop computers use touch pads, buttons and other devices to control the pointer. Hand helds use a combination of devices to control the pointer, including touch screens.
Note: It is important to clean the mouse periodically, particularly if it becomes sluggish. A ball type mouse has a small circular panel that can be opened, allowing you to remove the ball. Lint can be removed carefully with a tooth pick or tweezers and the ball can be washed with mild detergent. A build up will accumulate on the small wheels in the mouse. Use a small instrument or finger nail to scrape it off taking care not to scratch the wheels. Track balls can be cleaned much like a mouse and touch-pad can be wiped with a clean, damp cloth. An optical mouse can accumulate material from the surface that it is in contact with which can be removed with a finger nail or small instrument.

Modem - A modem is used to translate information transferred through telephone lines, cable or line-of-site wireless.
The term stands for modulate and demodulate which changes the signal from digital, which computers use, to analog, which telephones use and then back again. Digital modems transfer digital information directly without changing to analog.
Modems are measured by the speed that the information is transferred. The measuring tool is called the baud rate. Originally modems worked at speeds below 2400 baud but today analog speeds of 56,000 are standard. Cable, wireless or digital subscriber lines can transfer information much faster with rates of 300,000 baud and up.
Modems also use Error Correction which corrects for transmission errors by constantly checking whether the information was received properly or not and Compression which allows for faster data transfer rates. Information is transferred in packets. Each packet is checked for errors and is re-sent if there is an error.
Anyone who has used the Internet has noticed that at times the information travels at different speeds. Depending on the amount of information that is being transferred, the information will arrive at it's destination at different times. The amount of information that can travel through a line is limited. This limit is called bandwidth.
There are many more variables involved in communication technology using computers, much of which is covered in the section on the Internet.

Modem - A modem is used to translate information transferred through telephone lines, cable or line-of-site wireless.
The term stands for modulate and demodulate which changes the signal from digital, which computers use, to analog, which telephones use and then back again. Digital modems transfer digital information directly without changing to analog.
Modems are measured by the speed that the information is transferred. The measuring tool is called the baud rate. Originally modems worked at speeds below 2400 baud but today analog speeds of 56,000 are standard. Cable, wireless or digital subscriber lines can transfer information much faster with rates of 300,000 baud and up.
Modems also use Error Correction which corrects for transmission errors by constantly checking whether the information was received properly or not and Compression which allows for faster data transfer rates. Information is transferred in packets. Each packet is checked for errors and is re-sent if there is an error.
Anyone who has used the Internet has noticed that at times the information travels at different speeds. Depending on the amount of information that is being transferred, the information will arrive at it's destination at different times. The amount of information that can travel through a line is limited. This limit is called bandwidth.
There are many more variables involved in communication technology using computers, much of which is covered in the section on the Internet.

Case - The case houses the microchips and circuitry that run the computer. Desktop models usually sit under the monitor and tower models beside. They come in many sizes, including desktop, mini, midi, and full tower. There is usually room inside to expand or add components at a later time. By removing the cover off the case you may find plate covered, empty slots that allow you to add cards. There are various types of slots including IDE, ASI, USB, PCI and Firewire slots.
Depending on the type notebook computers may have room to expand . Most Notebooks also have connections or ports that allows expansion or connection to exterior, peripheral devices such as monitor, portable hard-drives or other devices.

expanded. Older computers came with 512 Kb of memory which could be expanded to a maximum of 640 Kb. In most modern computers the memory can be expanded by adding or replacing the memory chips depending on the processor you have and the type of memory your computer uses. Memory chips range in size from 1 Mb to 4 Gb. As computer technology changes the type of memory changes as well making old memory chips obsolete. Check your computer manual to find out what kind of memory your computer uses before purchasing new memory chips.

Random Access Memory or RAM is the memory that the computer uses to temporarily store the information as it is being processed. The more information being processed the more RAM the computer needs.
One of the first home computers used 64 kilobytes of RAM memory (Commodore 64). Today's modern computers need a minimum of 64 Mb (recommended 128 Mb or more) to run Windows or OS 10 with modern software.
RAM memory chips come in many different sizes and speeds and can usually be

Network cards allow computers to connect together to communicate with each other. Network cards have connections for cable, thin wire or wireless networks. For more information see the section on Networks.
Cables connect internal components to the Motherboard, which is a board with series of electronic path ways and connections allowing the CPU to communicate with the other components of the computer.
Memory - Memory can be very confusing but is usually one of the easiest pieces of hardware to add to your computer. It is common to confuse chip memory with disk storage. An example of the difference between memory and storage would be the difference between a table where the actual work is done (memory) and a filing cabinet where the finished product is stored (disk). To add a bit more confusion, the computer's hard disk can be used as temporary memory when the program needs more than the chips can provide.

Cards - Cards are components added to computers to increase their capability. When adding a peripheral device make sure that your computer has a slot of the type needed by the device.
Sound cards allow computers to produce sound like music and voice. The older sound cards were 8 bit then 16 bit then 32 bit. Though the human ear can't distinguish the fine difference between sounds produced by the more powerful sound card they allow for more complex music and music production.
Colour cards allow computers to produce colour (with a colour monitor of course). The first colour cards were 2 bit which produced 4 colours [CGA]. It was amazing what could be done with those 4 colours. Next came 4 bit allowing for 16 [EGA and VGA ] colours. Then came 16 bit allowing for 1064 colours and then 24 bit which allows for almost 17 million colours and now 32 bit and higher allow monitors to display almost a billion separate colours.
Video cards allow computers to display video and animation. Some video cards allow computers to display television as well as capture frames from video. A video card with a digital video camera allows computers users to produce live video. A high speed connection is required for effective video transmission

RAM

RAM IS YOUR SYSTEM SHORT-TERM MEMORY.DATA IS TEMPORARY STORED HERE UNTIL YOU SAVE YOUR WORK TO THE HARD DISK.THIS SHORT-TERM MEMORY DISAPPEARS WHEN THE COMPUTER IS TURNED OFF,ON.SO ALOWAYS SAVE YOUR FILE BEFORE TURINING OFF THE MACHINE WHEN YOU SAVE YOU ARE SAVING IT TO LONG TERM STORAGE THE MORE RAM YOU HAVE THE FASTER YOUR COMPUTER PERFORMS RAM IS MEASURD IN MEANBYTES (MB) OR GIGABYTES(GB).
TO UNDERSTAND MAGABYTES AND GIGABYTES YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT BITES AND BYTES.A BIT IS THE SMALLEST UNIT OF DATA IN COMPUTER PROCESSING A BYTE IS A GROUP OF EIGHT BITS. A MAGABYTES IS 1024,MAGABYTES TO PUT THIS INTO PERSPECTIVE,CONSIDER THAT A PRINTED PAGE OF SINGLE SPACED TEXT CONTAIONS ABOUT 400 PAGES OF SINGLE SPACED TEXT.

THE CENTER PROCESSING UNIT ],CALLED A MICROPROCESSOR IS THE BRAIN OF COMPUTER.ITS JOB IS TO CARRY OUT COMMANDS.WHENEVER YOU PRESS A KEY CLICK THE SENDING INSTRUCTIONS TO THE CPU.LOCATED INSIDE THE COMPUTER CASE,THIS SILICON CHIP IS ABOUT THE SIZE OF A FINGERNEIL THE MICROPROCESSOR DETERMINES HOW FAST A MICROPROCESSOR'S SPEED IS MEASURED IN MEGAHERTZ OR MILLIN OF MSTRUCTIONS PER SCOND SO THE HIGHER THE MEGAHERTZ THE FASTER THE COMPUTER CAN PROCESS INSTRUCTIONS.
INTEL CYRIX AND AMD ARE THE THREE MAIN CPU MANUFACTURES FOP PCs.THE POWER PC MICROPROCESSOR,DEVELOPED BY APPLE,MOTOROLA AND IBM,IS USED IN MACINTOSH PERSONAL COMPUTERS

The sound card also called audio card is another types of expansion card.It lets the computer play sounds through speakers.Some motherboards feeture integrated sound and do not repuire a seprate sound card.

Personal Digital Assistants and E-mail Only Divices

In recent years,Personal digital Assistants(PDAS) have also becom popular.The two major types of PADS are the palm os Hand healds,and the microsoft pocket PC.The palm can help you to easily organaize appointments adderesses and to do lists.The pocket pc designed as a near replacement for a laptop computer can also easily manage appointments.Adderesses and to do lists you can add software to both models .Small,e mail-only machines,marketed to home users are dedicated to sending,receving and managing email.Users typically must pay can access fee to use these devices. The motherboard is the computer.An expansion cord is a card which you can instail to expand a computer capabilities for eg your computers video card is an expansion card which plays into the motherboard.

Laptops

A laptops computer sometimes called a notebook computer because of its size is a battery or AC- powered personal computer.Its easy to carry and convenient to use in such places as airport,libraries and coffee shops.
Laptops usualy cost more than desktop computer because of design and manufacturing costs.While some models are full desktop replacements,other can be"transformed"into a desktop computer with a docking station,which suppies connections for peripherals.
Laptops users typically dont use a mouse to navigate around the screen instead they use a touch pad trackball or styles.A serial port dose,however,allow a mouse to be attached.

Input and output

The data and instructions that you can give to the computer are called the input......The processed result given by the computer to the user is called the output.The output may be generally on the printer or on the monitor
The cpu accept the data and instructions from the keyboard.It processes the data and gives the processed result as an output on the monito or on the printer.The actual flow of the processing mechanism takes place as follows.
Input-processing-Output
Keyboard-CPU-Monitor or printer

Structure of a floppy Disk

The Structure of a floppy disk is like the following fig.1.8,fig 1.9,and fig 1.10.But in due course of time new models of disk with more storage capacity have been developed.Some of these models are given below for your reference
A floppy disk is a storage media.It store data,program and information in different forms.These diskettes are very comman in use.

Another major area is the language of Logo itself.All computer languages can provide som means of combing different fields of information in logos case,it is through the use of lists.A list can be any combination of items such as words,letters,numbers,etc.Separated by spaces.different kind of graphics can be created by using the turtle. A turtle appears as a traingular shope on the screen.The end or apex pointing upward is its head and flat side or base isits. tails.

Logo Graphice

Turtle is a small creature which draws lines and pictures. Logo is also called turtle graphics. Turtle graphics is easily undersstandable.Logo programming language was designed by sey mour papert at the massachussetts institte of technology (mit).USA in 1960 as the medium through which childern could immediately relate to the computer and use it easily.Turtle responds immediately as the instroction is given.It draws something on the screen promptly in response to the command.

Different kind of graphics can be created by using the turtle. As turtle appears as a triangular shape on the screen.The end or apex poniting upward is its head and the flat side or base is its tail.

the main features of computer are

- It work at high speed.
-It is accurate
- it can do the same task repeatedly.
-It can do one or more tasks of different nature of the same time.
-It can store a huge number of data and information in a small disk.

The operating system (os) dose the following important functions.
(1) It control and cootdinates to all the hard ware components.
(2) It manages the computers memory.
(3) It manages the computers resources
(4) It provides the users-friendly environment.
Before we begin to discuss the function of dos.let us learn some important term.

Anallytical Engine

Charles Babbage is the most known person in the field of historical computing.He developed a machine called Analytical Engine.The concept use in his machine is the same as we have in morden computers have the same concept as input unit,processing unit and output unit that was developed by charles babbage.He could not complete his work due to the lack of technology and device required for this machine at that time.His credid in the field of computing has honoured him as the father of computer science

Punched cards

Dr.herman hollerith developed punched cards to solve the problem in American census in the year 1886.-1887.The punched cards have holes of different places which are mode by the machine called punch hopper.The combination of hole and no hole represents data for tabuloting machine which was developed by Hollerith himself.

APPLE/MACINTOSH

THIS COMPUTER IS MADE BY A DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGY THAN THAT OF IBM OR IBM COMPATIBLE.THIS COMPUTER IS MOSTLY POPULAR IN DESKTOP PUBLISHING AND PURPOSES.SOME SOFTWARE FOR DOCUMENTATION MACINTOSH COMPUTERS.THESE COMPUTERS HAVE BECOME MORE USER FRIENDLY IN RECENT YEARS.

IBM COMPATIBLE

THE OTHER MANUFACTURERS ALSO PRODUCE THE COMPUTER ON THE SAME PRINCIPLE OF IBM.THY USE INTEL OR OTHER MICROPROCESSORS AS MAIN PROCESSORS.SUCH COMPUTERS DEVELOPED BY OTHER COMPANIES WHICH CAN DO THE TASK OF IBM COMPUTERS AS WELL ARE CALLED IBM COMPATIBLE COMPUTERS.IBM COMPATIBLE COMPUTERS ARE CHEEP AND THY ARE THE MOST POPULAR CPMPUTERS IN THE WORLD.

DIFFERWNT BRANDS OF COMPUTERS

THOUGH YOU MIGHT HAVE HEARD ABOUT DIFFERENT BRANDS OF COMPUTERS WHICH ARE GIVEN BY DIFFERENT MANUFACTURERS.THE MAIN CLASSIFICATIONAL ON TECHNICAL BASIC ARE:

(a) IBM PC

(b) IBM COMPATIBLE

(c) APPLE/MACINTOSH

operating system software (OSS)

Every computer needs a system software.A system software contro the computer system and its peripheras devices.It allows to accept commands from the keyboard to process and supply output on the screen or printer.The system software creates a friendly environment for the user and progremmers.The relationship between user,hardware and software is established by the system software in use which is also called opreting system software One of the most common and world wide popular opreting system software for micro computers is Microsoft Disk operating system(MS-DOS).This software was developed by Microsoft corporation,

MEMORY

Memory is the part of the computer on which data and program can be stored.When you switch on the computer it reads the main memory or RAM of the computer.RAM is known as primary memory of the computer.Then it seeks system files of operating system (os) to load in the RAM.These files are location in the hard disk.It reads these files and loads in to the RAM.This memory is erasable.AS the electrocity gose off or when you shut down the computer, everything in the RAM will be erased.
ther is another types of memory in the computer which is called the EOM .The program written in ROM conn't be altered or changed or that is not the computer's settings and certain program are stored in the ROM.

COMPUTER STUDY

COMPUTER STUDY DEALS WITH:
(1) THE STUDY OF DIFFERNT TYPES OF COMPUTER
(2) THE USE OF COMPUTER
(3) THE LIMITATIONS OF COMPUTER
(4) THE DIFFERENT MODELS AND BRANDS OF COMPUTER
COMPUTERS ALSO HELP US TO STUDY SCIENCE,MATH,MEDICINE,ETC.A COMPUTER IS AN ELECTRONIC DEVICE WHICH CAN ACCEPT DATA AND INSTRUCTIONS PROCESSES OUTPUT AS INFORMATION TO THE USER.

COMPUTER

COMPUTER IS AN ELECTRONIC DEVICE WHICH ALLOES USE TO INPUT DATA AND COMMAND PROCESS AND GIVE OUT RESULT. COMPUTER AN USE OF DALY LAIF.IT USE OF BIS NOW THEY ARE ANY WHER ANY TIMES OF USEFULL.IT IS A MAIN PART OF COMPUTERS. WHERE IS MANY PROGRAMS.THIS IS A BRAIN OF COMPUTER.WE CAN NOT USE COMPUTER WITHOUT CPU.IT DEVELOPED BY MAICROSOFT COMPENY OF USA.